I.Bayanin Masana'antu da Ci gaban Fasaha
Polyacrylamide (PAM), a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman sinadarai na tace ruwa, ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin kirkire-kirkire na fasaha da aikace-aikacen kasuwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar sabon rahoton binciken kasuwa, kasuwar PAM ta duniya ta kai dala biliyan 4.58 a shekarar 2023 kuma ana hasashen za ta girma zuwa dala biliyan 6.23 nan da shekarar 2028, tare da karuwar ci gaba a kowace shekara na 6.3%. Bangaren tace ruwa ya kai sama da kashi 65% na jimillar amfani, wanda hakan ke zama babban abin da ke haifar da ci gaban masana'antu.
1. Nasarorin da aka samu a Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
A shekarar 2023, wata ƙungiyar bincike daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta China ta buga muhimman bayanai a cikin *Nature Water*, inda ta sami nasarar ƙirƙirar sabon kayan APAM tare da halayen "mai wayo". Ta amfani da fasahar buga kwayoyin halitta, wannan samfurin zai iya daidaita tsarin kwayoyin halittarsa ta atomatik bisa ga nau'ikan gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ruwa, yana inganta ingancin cire ion mai nauyi na ƙarfe da kashi 40%, musamman ma ya dace da haƙar ma'adinan shara. Bayanan fili daga wani aikin kula da ruwan shara na ma'adinan tagulla a Jiangxi sun nuna cewa wannan kayan ya cimma kashi 99.2% na cire ion na tagulla yayin da ya rage farashin magani da kashi 35%.
A lokaci guda, kamfanin Mitsubishi Chemical na Japan ya gabatar da wani jerin APAM mai jure zafi mai yawa wanda ke kiyaye aiki mai kyau a zafin 80-120°C, yana magance ƙalubalen fasaha a fannin kula da ruwan sharar gida na mai da iskar gas. Wannan samfurin ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki a tsarin kula da ruwan mai na Saudi Aramco, yana hanzarta saurin samar da floc da kashi 50% kuma yana rage lokacin daidaitawa zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na kayayyakin gargajiya.
2. Inganta Fasaha a Cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Bangaren maganin laka ya shaida canje-canje masu yawa. A farkon shekarar 2024, kamfanin BASF na Jamus ya ƙaddamar da wani sabon samfurin CPAM mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta mai matuƙar girma wanda nauyin kwayoyin halitta ya wuce Daltons miliyan 20. Ta hanyar fasahar haɗin gwiwa ta musamman, wannan samfurin yana samar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai yawa yayin cire laka, wanda ya cimma danshi bayan cire laka ƙasa da kashi 58% - wani ci gaba mai maki 10 akan samfuran gargajiya. Bayan ɗaukar wannan fasaha, Kamfanin Kula da Ruwan Sha na Birnin Paris ya ƙara ƙarfin sarrafa laka da kashi 30% yayin da ya rage amfani da sinadarai da kashi 15%.
Mafi mahimmanci, wani kamfani na ƙasar Holland ya ƙirƙiro CPAM mai amfani da sinadarai ta amfani da fasahar gyaran kwayoyin halitta ta CRISPR. An samar da shi ta hanyar fermentation na *E. coli*, wannan tsari yana hana amfani da monomer na acrylamide gaba ɗaya, yana rage gubar muhallin samfura da kashi 90% da kuma rage hayakin carbon da kashi 65% yayin samarwa. Duk da cewa farashin yanzu ya fi na hanyoyin haɗa sinadarai sama da kashi 20%, ana sa ran samun fa'idodi masu yawa idan aka cimma nasarar samar da kayayyaki nan da shekarar 2026.
3. Faɗaɗa Amfani da Nonionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM)
NPAM ta nuna fa'idodi na musamman a fannin sarrafa ruwa na musamman. A ƙarshen shekarar 2023, Dow Chemical ta gabatar da jerin NPAM mai saurin amsawa ga pH wanda ke daidaita faɗaɗa sarkar kwayoyin halitta ta atomatik a cikin pH 2-12, yana inganta ingancin kama abubuwa masu ƙarfi na nano sau 3-5. An yi amfani da wannan fasaha cikin nasara a cikin shirye-shiryen ruwa mai tsarki ga masana'antar semiconductor, inda aka cimma ma'aunin ingancin ruwa na 18.2 MΩ·cm.
Masu bincike na Koriya ta Kudu sun ƙirƙiro NPAM mai haske da lalacewa ta hanyar gabatar da sassan tsarin azobenzene. Sauran polymers na iya raguwa zuwa ƙananan mahaɗan ƙwayoyin halitta cikin awanni 48 a ƙarƙashin hasken halitta, suna magance matsalolin ragowar PAM na gargajiya gaba ɗaya. An gwada wannan fasaha a wasu wuraren shan ruwan sha na Seoul, kuma ana sa ran fara kasuwanci nan da shekarar 2025.
II. Sauyin Kasuwa da Ci gaban Yankuna
1. Canje-canje a Yanayin Kasuwar Duniya
Yankin Asiya da Pasifik ya zama kasuwar PAM mafi saurin bunƙasa, wanda ya kai kashi 46% na amfani a duniya a shekarar 2023, inda China ta ba da gudummawa mafi yawan ci gaban. Bayanai daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Man Fetur da Sinadarai ta China sun nuna cewa samar da PAM na China ya kai tan 920,000 a shekarar 2023, tare da shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje da ke ci gaba da samun karuwar kashi 15% a kowace shekara—musamman ga kayayyakin CPAM masu inganci, inda dogaro da shigo da kaya ya kasance har zuwa kashi 40%.
Kasuwar Turai ta nuna bambancin yanayi. Sakamakon tsauraran ƙa'idojin muhalli, kayayyakin PAM masu lalacewa sun ƙara yawan kason kasuwa daga kashi 8% a shekarar 2020 zuwa kashi 22% a shekarar 2023. Veolia ta Faransa ta sanar da shirin maye gurbin CPAM na gargajiya gaba ɗaya da madadin kore nan da shekarar 2026.
Kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, wacce ke da alaƙa da haɓaka iskar shale, ta ci gaba da buƙatar APAM mai ƙarfi. Kayayyakin shigo da kaya daga Amurka na PAM sun karu da kashi 18% a shekarar 2023, inda kashi 60% ake amfani da su don magance matsalar fitar da mai da iskar gas. Abin lura shi ne, Mexico ta fito a matsayin sabuwar cibiyar samar da kayayyaki, inda manyan kamfanoni da dama na duniya suka kafa sansanonin samar da kayayyaki na gida.
2. Tsarin Farashi da Tsarin Samar da Kayayyaki
Daga shekarar 2023 zuwa 2024, kasuwannin kayan PAM sun fuskanci gagarumin sauyi. Farashin Acrylamide monomer ya kai matsayi mai kyau a kwata na uku na shekarar 2023 amma ya koma matsayin da ya dace a kwata na biyu na shekarar 2024 yayin da China ta ƙara sabon ƙarfin samarwa. Duk da haka, farashin cationic reagent DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) ya ci gaba da hauhawa saboda ƙarancin samar da propylene oxide a sama, wanda hakan ya ƙara farashin samar da CPAM da kashi 12-15%.
Dangane da sarkar samar da kayayyaki, shugabannin masana'antu sun hanzarta haɗa kai tsaye. Solvay Group ta zuba jarin Yuro miliyan 300 a cikin sabon tushen samar da kayayyaki da aka haɗa a Belgium, wanda ke ba da damar samar da cikakken tsari daga acrylonitrile zuwa samfuran ƙarshe. Ana sa ran ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2025, wannan zai rage farashi mai girma da kashi 20%. Ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanoni sun koma ga ƙwarewa—misali, Italmatch na Italiya ya mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar dabarun APAM na musamman don tace ruwan teku.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-09-2025