Manyan abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali
● An yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje wajen gano sinadaran da ba su da sulfate ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin gwaji.
● Ana bincika tasirin pH, abun da ke ciki da kuma yawan ionic a cikin tsari.
● CAPB:Rabon nauyin surfactant na SMCT na 1:0.5 yana gina matsakaicin danko na yankewa.
● Ana buƙatar cikakken yawan gishiri don cimma matsakaicin ɗanɗanon yankewa.
● Tsawon siffar micellar da aka samo daga DWS yana da alaƙa sosai da ɗanko mai kauri.
Takaitaccen Bayani
Don bin diddigin dandamalin surfactant marasa sulfate na zamani, aikin da ake yi yanzu yana ba da ɗaya daga cikin binciken farko na tsarin rheological na gaurayen Cocamidopropyl Betaine (CABP)-Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate (SMCT) na ruwa a cikin nau'ikan abun da ke ciki, pH, da ƙarfin ionic. An shirya mafita na ruwa na CAPB-SMCT (jimillar yawan surfactant mai aiki na 8-12 wt.%) a rabon nauyin surfactant da yawa, an daidaita su zuwa pHs 4.5 da 5.5, kuma an sanya su da NaCl. Ma'aunin shear mai tsayayye da oscillatory ya auna dankowar shear macroscopic, yayin da diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) microrheology ya samar da moduli na viscoelastic da aka warware mita da sikelin tsawon micellar. A ƙarƙashin yanayin rashin gishiri, dabarun sun nuna rheology na Newtonian tare da mafi girman dankowar shear a rabon nauyin CAPB:SMCT na 1:0.5, wanda ke nuna ingantaccen gada tsakanin cationic-anionic headgroup. Rage pH daga 5.5 zuwa 4.5 ya ba da ƙarin caji mai kyau akan CAPB, ta haka ne ya ƙara haɗakar electrostatic tare da cikakken anionic SMCT kuma ya samar da ƙarin hanyoyin sadarwa na micellar. Ƙarin gishiri mai tsari ya daidaita ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, yana haifar da juyin halittar morphological daga micelles masu rarrabuwa zuwa ga tsatsa masu tsayi. Viscosities masu sifili sun nuna ma'auni daban-daban a mahimmin rabo na gishiri zuwa surfactant (R), yana nuna daidaito mai rikitarwa tsakanin tantancewa mai layi biyu na electrostatic da tsawaita micellar. DWS microrheology ya tabbatar da waɗannan abubuwan lura na macroscopic, yana bayyana takamaiman spectra na Maxwellian a R ≥ 1, daidai da hanyoyin sake haɗa karyewa da suka mamaye reptation. Abin lura shi ne, ɗaurewa da tsayin juriya sun kasance ba sa canzawa tare da ƙarfin ionic, yayin da tsawon contour ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da danko sifili. Waɗannan binciken sun jaddada muhimmiyar rawar da micellar elongation da thermodynamic synergy ke takawa wajen daidaita viscoelasticity na ruwa, suna samar da tsarin injiniyan surfactants marasa sulfate masu aiki ta hanyar sarrafa daidaiton yawan caji, abun da ke ciki, da yanayin ionic.
Takaitaccen Zane
Gabatarwa
Tsarin surfactant mai ruwa biyu wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan da ke da caji daban-daban ana amfani da su sosai a fannoni daban-daban na masana'antu, ciki har da kayan kwalliya, magunguna, sinadarai na noma, da masana'antar sarrafa abinci. Yaɗuwar waɗannan tsarin ana danganta shi da mafi kyawun ayyukan su na fuska da na rheological, wanda ke ba da damar inganta aiki a cikin tsari daban-daban. Haɗin kai na irin waɗannan surfactants zuwa gauraye masu kama da tsutsotsi yana ba da kyawawan halaye na macroscopic, gami da ƙaruwar viscoelasticity da rage tashin hankali na fuska. Musamman ma, haɗuwar surfactants anionic da zwitterionic suna nuna haɓaka haɗin gwiwa a cikin aikin saman, danko, da daidaitawar tashin hankali na fuska. Waɗannan halaye sun samo asali ne daga hulɗar electrostatic da steric mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kai na polar da wutsiyoyin hydrophobic na surfactants, suna bambanta da tsarin surfactant guda ɗaya, inda ƙarfin electrostatic mai banƙyama yakan iyakance inganta aiki.
Cocamidopropyl betaine (CABP; SMILES: CCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCCN+ (C)CC([O−])=O) wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi sosai a cikin maganin kwalliya saboda sauƙin tsaftacewa da kuma halayen gyaran gashi. Yanayin zwitterionic na CAPB yana ba da damar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin electrostatic da anionic surfactants, yana haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na kumfa da haɓaka ingantaccen aikin tsari. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, gaurayen CAPB tare da surfactants na tushen sulfate, kamar CAPB–sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sun zama ginshiƙai a cikin kayayyakin kulawa na mutum. Duk da haka, duk da ingancin surfactants na tushen sulfate, damuwa game da yuwuwar ƙaiƙayi a fata da kuma kasancewar 1,4-dioxane, wani samfurin da aka samo daga tsarin ethoxylation, ya haifar da sha'awar madadin marasa sulfate. Waɗanda ke da alƙawarin sun haɗa da surfactants na tushen amino-acid, kamar taurates, sarcosinates, da glutamates, waɗanda ke nuna haɓaka biocompatibility da halaye masu sauƙi [9]. Duk da haka, manyan ƙungiyoyin kan polar na waɗannan madadin sau da yawa suna hana samuwar tsarin micellar da ke da alaƙa sosai, wanda ke buƙatar amfani da masu gyara rheological.
Sodium methyl cocoyl taurate (SMCT; SMCT:
CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N(C)CCS(=O)(=O)O[Na]) wani sinadarin anionic ne wanda aka haɗa shi a matsayin gishirin sodium ta hanyar haɗakar amide na N-methyltaurine (2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid) tare da sarkar kitse mai narkewa daga kwakwa. SMCT tana da rukunin taurine mai alaƙa da amide tare da ƙungiyar anionic sulfonate mai ƙarfi, wanda ke sa ta zama mai lalacewa kuma ta dace da pH na fata, wanda ke sanya ta a matsayin zaɓi mai kyau don samar da sinadarai marasa sulfate. Ana siffanta surfactants masu ƙarfi ta hanyar sabulun wanke-wanke, juriya ga ruwa mai tauri, laushi, da kuma kwanciyar hankali mai faɗi na pH.
Sigogi na rheological, gami da ɗanɗanon shear, viscoelastic moduli, da kuma damuwar samar da amfanin gona, suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen tantance daidaito, laushi, da kuma aikin samfuran da aka yi da surfactant. Misali, ƙaruwar ɗanɗanon shear na iya inganta riƙewar substrate, yayin da damuwar samar da amfanin gona ke sarrafa mannewar samfurin ga fata ko gashi bayan amfani. Waɗannan halayen rheological na macroscopic ana daidaita su ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, gami da yawan surfactant, pH, zafin jiki, da kasancewar abubuwan da ke haɗa sinadarai ko ƙari. Masu haɗa sinadarai masu caji na iya fuskantar sauye-sauye daban-daban na microstructural, tun daga micelles masu siffar ƙwallo da vesicles zuwa matakan lu'ulu'u na ruwa, wanda, bi da bi, yana shafar babban rheology. Cakuda na amphoteric da anionic surfactants galibi suna samar da micelles masu kama da tsutsotsi masu tsayi (WLMs), waɗanda ke haɓaka halayen viscoelastic sosai. Saboda haka, fahimtar alaƙar microstructure-property yana da mahimmanci don inganta aikin samfur.
Nazarce-nazarce da dama na gwaji sun binciki tsarin binary iri ɗaya, kamar CAPB-SLES, don fayyace tushen microstructural na halayensu. Misali, Mitrinova et al. [13] sun haɗa girman micelle (hydrodynamic radius) tare da dankowar mafita a cikin cakuda CAPB-SLES-medium-chain co-surfactant ta amfani da rheometry da watsa haske mai ƙarfi (DLS). Tsarin injiniya yana ba da haske game da juyin halittar microstructural na waɗannan gaurayawan kuma ana iya ƙara shi ta hanyar microrheology na gani ta amfani da diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) wanda ke faɗaɗa yankin mitar da ake iya samu, yana kama yanayin ɗan gajeren lokaci musamman da ya dace da hanyoyin shakatawa na WLM. A cikin DWS microrheology, matsakaicin matsakaicin murabba'in murabba'in na binciken colloidal da aka haɗa ana bin diddigin su akan lokaci, yana ba da damar cire layin viscoelastic moduli na matsakaiciyar kewaye ta hanyar haɗin Stokes-Einstein gabaɗaya. Wannan dabarar tana buƙatar ƙaramin samfurin samfurin kawai kuma don haka tana da fa'ida don nazarin ruwa mai rikitarwa tare da ƙarancin wadatar abu, misali tsarin da aka dogara da furotin. Binciken bayanai na <Δr²(t)> a fadin fadin mitar mita yana sauƙaƙa kimanta sigogin micellar kamar girman raga, tsawon ɗaurewa, tsawon juriya, da tsawon kwane-kwane. Amin da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa gaurayen CAPB-SLES sun dace da hasashen da aka samu daga ka'idar Cates, suna nuna ƙaruwar daɗaɗɗen ...
Ganin yadda buƙatar sinadarai masu laushi da dorewa ke ƙaruwa, binciken sinadaran anionic surfactants marasa sulfate ya samu ci gaba duk da ƙalubalen tsari. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban na tsarin da ba su da sulfate sau da yawa yana haifar da bambance-bambancen rheological profiles, wanda ke rikitar da dabarun gargajiya don haɓaka danko kamar ta hanyar gishiri ko polymeric thickening. Misali, Yorke et al. sun binciki madadin da ba su da sulfate ta hanyar bincike kan halayen kumfa da rheological na cakuda biyu da na ternary surfactant waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkyl olefin sulfonate (AOS), alkyl polyglucoside (APG), da lauryl hydroxysultaine. Rabon 1:1 na AOS-sultaine ya nuna halayen shear-thinning da kumfa iri ɗaya da CAPB-SLES, yana nuna samuwar WLM. Rajput et al. [26] sun kimanta wani anionic surfactant mara sulfate, sodium cocoyl glycinate (SCGLY), tare da nonionic co-surfactants (cocamide diethanolamine da lauryl glucoside) ta hanyar DLS, SANS, da rheometry. Duk da cewa SCGLY kaɗai ya samar da ƙwayoyin micelles masu siffar ƙwallo, ƙarin sinadaran da ke haɗa surfactant ya ba da damar gina ƙarin sifofi masu rikitarwa na micellar, waɗanda suka dace da tsarin pH.
Duk da waɗannan ci gaba, ƙananan bincike sun yi niyya ga halayen rheological na tsarin da ba shi da sulfate mai ɗorewa wanda ya haɗa da CAPB da taurates. Wannan binciken yana da nufin cike wannan gibin ta hanyar samar da ɗaya daga cikin halayen rheological na farko na tsarin binary na CAPB-SMCT. Ta hanyar canza tsarin surfactant, pH, da ƙarfin ionic, muna bayyana abubuwan da ke jagorantar ɗanko da viscoelasticity. Ta amfani da rheometry na injiniya da microrheology na DWS, muna ƙididdige sake fasalin microstructural da ke ƙarƙashin halayen shear na gaurayen CAPB-SMCT. Waɗannan binciken sun bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin pH, rabon CAPB-SMCT, da matakan ionic wajen haɓaka ko hana samuwar WLM, ta haka suna ba da fahimta mai amfani wajen daidaita bayanan rheological na samfuran da suka dogara da surfactant masu ɗorewa don aikace-aikacen masana'antu daban-daban.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-05-2025