Polyurethane wani muhimmin abu ne na sinadarai. Saboda kyawun aikinsa da kuma amfani da shi daban-daban, an san shi da "roba ta biyar mafi girma". Daga kayan daki, tufafi, zuwa sufuri, gini, wasanni, da kuma ginin sararin samaniya da tsaron ƙasa, kayan polyurethane da ake samu a ko'ina wakilai ne na sabbin kayan sinadarai kuma muhimmin tallafi ne ga ƙasata don gina ƙasa mai ƙarfi.
Bayan fiye da shekaru 20 na ci gaba da sauri a masana'antar kayan polyurethane, ta nuna sauyi daga girma zuwa inganci. Fasahar samarwa da ƙarfin samar da isocyanate sun kasance a sahun gaba a duniya. Ta shiga wani lokaci na haɓaka fasaha wanda ya shiga cikin ci gaba mai inganci. A halin yanzu, China ta zama babbar cibiyar samar da kayan polyurethane da kayayyaki mafi girma a duniya, da kuma yanki mafi cikakken tsari a fannin aikace-aikacen polyurethane.
A matsayin babban ƙari ga polyurethane, wakilan faɗaɗa polyurethane sune abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya amsawa tare da halayen rukuni na aiki akan sarkar polymer don faɗaɗa sarkar kwayoyin halitta da ƙara nauyin kwayoyin halitta. Abu ne mai mahimmanci don samar da samfuran polyurethane da yawa. A cikin haɗa kayan polyurethane, wakilan faɗaɗa polyurethane zasu iya cimma halayen sinadarai guda biyu: faɗaɗawa da haɗin gwiwa don cimma babban aiki, samar da kayan polyurethane masu inganci, kamar haɓaka tauri, sassauci, da matakin tsagewa na samfuran kayan polyurethane, da matakin tsagewa. Cikakken aikin kimiyyar lissafi da sinadarai na juriya ga zafin jiki, juriya ga mai, juriya ga yanayi da juriya ga tsagewa.
一、Matsayin da rarrabuwar wakilin faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane
Maganin faɗaɗa polyurethane yana nufin ƙarancin sinadarin amine na ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma sinadarai masu maye waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyi biyu masu aiki, waɗanda za su iya samar da polymer mai nau'in layi ta hanyar faɗaɗa sarkar. Ta hanyar amfani da wakilai daban-daban na faɗaɗa sarkar, ko canza dabarar faɗaɗa sarkar, ana cimma halayen sinadarai daban-daban, kuma ana samar da kayan polyurethane masu buƙatun aiki daban-daban.
Matsayin da wakilan faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane ke takawa a cikin halayen haɗakar polyurethane ya fi yawa:
(1) Maganin faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane yana da ƙungiyar siffa (ƙungiyar amino da hydroxyl) wacce za ta iya yin halayen sinadarai tare da isocyanate. Nauyin kwayoyin halitta da kuma amsawar rai na iya sa tsarin amsawar polyurethane ya faɗaɗa ko ya ƙarfafa da sauri, ya samar da layi mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta mafi girma. Kwayoyin suna da aikin polymer.
(2) Na'urorin faɗaɗa sarka daban-daban suna da amsawa daban-daban. Ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan wakilai na faɗaɗa sarka daban-daban da kuma yawan da ake buƙata, daidaita danko na reactor, ƙwayoyin halitta da tsarin siffa don daidaitawa da samar da polyurethane da samfuran tsarin daban-daban da buƙatun inganci.
(3) Wakilan faɗaɗa polyurethane daban-daban na iya ba polyurethane halaye daban-daban, kuma an shigar da wasu tsare-tsare na rukuni na halaye a cikin ƙwayoyin faɗaɗa sarka a cikin babban sarkar polyurethane, wanda ke shafar injiniyoyi da aikin sinadarai na polyurethane, kamar ƙarfi da juriya ga abrasion, gajiya mai hana lalacewa, juriya ga zafin jiki, juriya ga yanayi, juriya ga mai, juriya ga lalata, da sauransu.
Gabaɗaya, ana raba sinadaran faɗaɗa polyurethane zuwa amine, barasa, da barasa. Daga amfani da tsarin aiwatarwa da tsarin aiki, faɗaɗa da diol galibi sun dogara ne akan tsarin aiwatarwa da tsarin aiki. Wakilan faɗaɗa sarkar gargajiya kamar ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanol, da dihydramol mai raguwa ɗaya, da sauransu, suna da iyakataccen aiki ga samfuran polyurethane, kuma wakilai ne na faɗaɗa sarkar yau da kullun. Wakilin faɗaɗa sarkar tare da aiki a bayyane na kayan polyurethane galibi rukuni biyu ne: aromatic dihanramine da aromatic diol. Ana kiransa wakili mai faɗaɗa sarkar aiki mai girma. Ana siffanta shi da zoben benzene mai tauri. Ƙarfi, juriyar gogewa, juriya matsakaici da sauran halaye.
Maganin faɗaɗa diharamine mai ƙanshi ba wai kawai wani ƙarin abu ne mai mahimmanci ga kayan haɗin polyurethane na roba ba. Mafi kyawun, mafi muni, kuma mafi girman kayan faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane mai inganci.
Jikin roba na polyurethane na gargajiya galibi ana gyara shi da dabarar matakai biyu, wato, na roba kafin a fara amfani da shi, sannan a haɗa shi da wakilan faɗaɗa sarka don ƙarfafawa. Dangane da nau'in isocyanate, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'ikan TDI da MDI. Idan aka kwatanta da su biyun, aikin amsawar da ba a fara amfani da shi ba na TDI yana da ƙasa, kuma galibi yana haɗuwa da wakilan faɗaɗa sarkar amine masu aiki sosai; Ayyukan amsawar da aka riga aka yi da MDI suna da yawa, da kuma wakilin faɗaɗa sarkar da aka yi da hydroxy tare da hatimin da ke aiki da ƙarancin hydroxyl. Dangane da buƙatun yanayin amfani da aikin samfura, yana da mahimmanci musamman a zaɓi wakilin faɗaɗa sarkar da ta dace bayan zaɓi bayan nau'in isocyanate.
Nau'in samfuran faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane mai ƙarfi da halaye na aikace-aikace
2.1 Babban wakilin faɗaɗa sarkar arammer dihan amine
Saboda kyawun aikinsa da ingancinsa mai kyau, wakilin fadada dihamine mai ƙanshi shine wakilin faɗaɗa sarkar da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin kayan roba na polyurethane.
Wakilan faɗaɗawar dianramine mai ƙanshi da aka fi amfani da su galibi sun haɗa da 3, 3′-dichlori-4, 4′-diodes (MOCA: nau'in I, nau'in Ⅱ, juriya ga zafin jiki mai yawa, da sauransu), 1,3-propylene glycol Double (4-amino benzoate) (740m), 4,4′-sub-base-double (3-chlorine-2,6-diecene aniline) (M-CDEA), polyphamoreethyl ether Diol two-pair aminbenzoate (P-1000, P-650, P-250, da sauransu), 3,5-2 ethylene torneramine (DETDA, wanda kuma aka sani da E-100), 3,5-diracle Sulfenylene (DMTDA, wanda kuma aka sani da E-300) da sauran kayayyaki.
Bayani game da halaye na aikace-aikace da haɓaka manyan samfuran sune kamar haka:
Wakilin faɗaɗa sarkar MOCA shine wakili na farko na ƙwararrun masu faɗaɗa sarkar da aka saka hannun jari a masana'antu a ƙasata. Yana da ƙarfi a yanayin zafi na ɗaki. Yana da halayen samfuran polyurethane waɗanda za a iya amfani da su dangane da aminci da dacewa, wanda zai iya cika halaye na takamaiman bayanai da siffofi daban-daban. Lalacewar polyurethane yana da ƙarfi sosai, mai ƙarfi, mai juriya ga lalacewa, juriya ga tsatsa da sauran cikakkun halaye. Yana iya yin manyan samfura. Cikakken aiki ne na wakilan faɗaɗa ƙanshi. Tun bayan haɓaka DuPont a cikin shekarun 1950, MOCA ta riƙe muhimmin matsayi a fannin elasticity na polyurethane. A halin yanzu ita ce mafi girman wakili na faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane. Ya fi mahimmanci a fannin zubar da elasticity na polyurethane. A halin yanzu, shahararrun masana'antun MOCA a China sune: Suzhou Xiangyuan New Materials Co., Ltd. (wanda ke ƙarƙashin kamfanin Jiangsu Xiangyuan Chemical Company), Huaibei Xingguang New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong Chongshun New Material Technology Co., Ltd. Hua Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (wanda a da Binhai Mingsheng Chemical Co., Ltd.), Chizhou Tianci High-tech Materials Co., Ltd., ban da haka, akwai Taiwan Shuangbang Industrial Co., Ltd., Taiwan Sanhuang Co., Ltd., da Katshan Kohshan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin kamfanonin China, fasahar samar da kayayyaki ta MOCA ta ƙara ci gaba. Misali, Xiangyuan New Materials ta shawo kan matsalar lafiyar ma'aikata, gurɓataccen iska, da rashin kwanciyar hankali na samar da hydrogenation na hydrogenation na hydrogenation na lokaci-lokaci. Hanyar da ake ci gaba da amfani da ita tana ƙarfafa hydrogenation na acoustics masu tsabta da kuma MOCA, cimma nasarar sarrafa kansa, cikakken rufewa, samar da kore, samar da sinadarai masu narkewa, rashin ƙura, rage amfani da makamashi da kuma rashin fitar da hayaki. Na'urar samar da kayayyaki ta MOCA ta zama sanannen kamfanin kera kayayyakin polyurethane a duniya.
Bugu da ƙari, Xiangyuan New Materials ta kuma ƙera wakilan faɗaɗa sarkar Xylink740M da Xylink P, inda ta fahimci masana'antar wannan jerin samfuran, tana haɓaka masana'antun kayan polyurethane don inganta inganci, rage farashi, da faɗaɗa aikace-aikace.
2.2 Babban sinadarin fadada diol mai ƙanshi
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen faɗaɗa sinadarin diol mai ƙanshi sun haɗa da ether mai tushen phenyl-phenolic hydroxyxyl (HQEE), interciphenylbenols, hydroxyl ether (HER), da cakuda phenolic pyrodhenol mai tushen hydroxyethyl (HQEE-L), cakuda Hydroxyethylhhexybenol (HER-L), da sauransu, galibi ana amfani da su ne don kayan polyurethane don tsarin aiwatar da MDI, wanda ba shi da guba kuma wakili ne na faɗaɗa sarkar irin ta gurɓatawa. Bayani game da halayen aikace-aikacen da haɓaka manyan samfuran sune kamar haka:
Maganin faɗaɗa sarkar HQEE wakili ne na faɗaɗa sarkar diol mai kama da siffa ta kwayoyin halitta. Barbashi ne mai ƙarfi, ba shi da guba, ba ya gurɓatawa, kuma yana da ban haushi. Yana da kyakkyawan jituwa da MDI kuma yana iya tsawaita rayuwar kayan yadda ya kamata. Sabbin Kayan Aiki na Xiangyuan sun ƙera wakilan faɗaɗa sarkar jerin HQEE, HER, Xylink HQEE-L, Xylinkher-L. Ingancin ya fi samfuran iri ɗaya a gida da waje, kuma ana sayar da kayayyaki a gida da waje.
2.3 Sauran wakilan faɗaɗa sarkar ƙamshi masu aiki na musamman
Tare da karuwar filayen polyurethane masu tasowa, sabbin masu fadada polyurethane da fasahar aikace-aikace ana ci gaba da haɓaka su don biyan buƙatun kasuwar polyurethane. Kamfanonin samarwa sun ƙirƙiro nau'ikan masu haɓaka sarkar ƙamshi na musamman.
Tianmen Winterine (DMD230) wani nau'in sarka ne da ke ɗauke da amino acid guda biyu marasa ƙarfi, wanda ake amfani da shi don shirya murfin da ba shi da ƙarfi ko mai ƙarfi. Idan aka kwatanta da feshi na polyettes na yau da kullun, samfurin yana da matsakaicin amsawa, kyakkyawan aikin aiki, ingantaccen aikin gini, da kuma kyakkyawan aiki mai kyau na samfur. Yana da kyakkyawan sheƙi da tasirin gani tare da polycoges wajen shirya polycisotripocyanate mai kitse, kyakkyawan sassauci da halayen injiniya, canje-canje masu jure rawaya, kyakkyawan juriya ga tsatsa, kyakkyawan juriya ga yanayi, da kuma kariya mai tsawo. Baya ga gadoji, ramuka, da nau'ikan alamu daban-daban na bene da hanyoyi, ana iya amfani da shi a aikace-aikace masu inganci kamar su rufin kariya da kuma rufin fata na helikofta na ruwan wukake masu ƙarfin iska. Samar da wannan samfurin a masana'antu da haɓaka shi zai taimaka wajen haɓaka rufin inganci.
Watsawa (311) na sinadaran diharamine da sodium chloride (311) wani nau'in haɗin diharamine mai ƙanshi da gishiri marasa tsari ne. Ana iya haɗa shi da nau'ikan polyurethanes masu pre-polystants iri-iri a zafin ɗaki. Ya dace musamman ga siffofi masu rikitarwa ko manyan siffofi. Ana iya amfani da samfuran yanki, na'urar dumama microwave, da sauran lokutan da ke buƙatar tsawon lokacin aiki, azaman maganin warkarwa don resin epoxy. Irin waɗannan samfuran sun haɗa da Caytur 31DA a Amurka, Xylink 311, Xiangyuan Sabbin Kayan Aiki.
Sauran magungunan warkar da ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa kamar oxidazole, ketone amine, da sauransu na iya rage yiwuwar rufewa ko wasu kayayyaki don samar da kumfa a cikin matsakaicin aji na warkarwa, kuma yana da damar haɓakawa.
Matsayin ci gaban wakilan faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane
Masana'antar faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane ta ƙasata tana da rauni sosai. A farkon zamanin, kasuwar faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane ta cikin gida koyaushe tana ƙarƙashin ikon kamfanoni na ƙasashen duniya. Tun lokacin da aka shiga wannan ƙarni, ƙungiyar kamfanonin faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane ta gida da Xiangyuan New Materials ta wakilta sun yi nasarar karya ikon mallakar ƙasashen waje bayan shekaru na bincike da haɓaka fasaha. Wasu daga cikin kayayyakin faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane na ƙasata sun kai matsayin irin waɗannan samfuran na ƙasashen duniya.
A matsayinsa na mafi girman wakilin faɗaɗa polyurethane na amine, tsarin samar da MOCA yana da girma, tsayayye, matsakaici, kuma ya dace a martanin. A fannin zuba jiki mai laushi a aikace-aikacen ƙasa, musamman tsarin TDI, adadi mai yawa na samfuran polyurethane sun tara adadi mai yawa na dabarun girma na samfuran polyurethane. An gwada kwanciyar hankali da aikin Essence MOCA bayan shekaru da yawa na kasuwa da aikin abokin ciniki. Farashin yana da tsada sosai. Bayan shekaru da yawa na amfani, wani shingen tsari ya samo asali. Yana da rawar da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba, kuma filin aikace-aikacen yana faɗaɗa koyaushe.
Hukumar Kula da Sinadarai ta Turai, a matsayinta na cibiyar da ke kula da takardar shaidar EU Reach, ta fitar da rahoto a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2017. Bayan kwatanta haɗarin aminci, aiki, da farashin farashi, ta ba da shawarar cewa a fannin jikin polyurethane mai roba, ingancin samfurin MOCA Aiki, inganci da sauran fa'idodi suna da ban mamaki, kuma a halin yanzu babu wasu hanyoyin da za a bi.
Masana'antar faɗaɗa polyurethane ta China ta fara aiki a makare. A farkon zamanin, saboda ƙarancin matakin fasahar samarwa, ƙarancin kayan tallafi, da ƙarancin ƙwarewar bincike da ci gaba, kasuwar faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane ta cikin gida ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon kamfanoni na ƙasashen duniya. Har zuwa shekarun 1990, wasu masana'antun faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane ta cikin gida sun yi nasarar karya ikon mallakar fasaha na ƙasashen waje bayan shekaru na bincike da ci gaba da tarin fasaha, kuma aikin wasu samfuran faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane ya kai matsayin makamancin kayayyakin ƙasashen duniya. Musamman ma, sabbin kayan Xiangyuan sun jagoranci gina na'urar samar da MOCA mai nauyin tan 10,000. Ingancin samfura da matakin fasaha sun kai matakin ci gaba da jagoranci a duniya. A halin yanzu, masana'antun MOCA na cikin gida sun sami damar biyan buƙatun ionamine kyauta. MOCA mai girman gaske da MOCA mai launin rawaya mai yawan zafin jiki a cikin samfuran jerin MOCA suna da fifiko ga masana'antar polyurethane.
"Shirin Shekaru Biyar na Goma Sha Biyu don" Shirin Shekaru Biyar na Goma Sha Biyu "na masana'antar polyurethane ya ba da shawarar cewa ban da faɗaɗa girman samar da MOCA mai inganci, haɓakawa da amfani da sabbin wakilan faɗaɗa sarka MCDEA, E-100, HER, HQEE da sauran kayayyaki ya kamata a ƙara. Dangane da samfuran jerin MOCA, tare da rarraba kayan polyurethane da kayayyaki, wasu sabbin samfuran faɗaɗa sarka suma sun fito, suna ƙirƙirar tsari daban-daban tare da samfuran MOCA.
Tare da ci gaba da inganta bincike da haɓaka fasaha, sabbin samfuran samfuran faɗaɗa sarkar ƙamshi masu aiki da yawa suna da fa'idodi na musamman a cikin saurin amsawa, juriya mai zafi, aiki, aminci da kariyar muhalli. Aikace-aikacen ya girma a hankali, kuma adadin aikace-aikacen yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa. Misali, P-1000, P650, P250, 740M, saboda halayensa na kore, masu aminci ga muhalli, marasa guba, a hankali ya buɗe kasuwar aikace-aikacen a fannoni da yawa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin MDI mai aminci ga muhalli, sikelin amfani da wakilan faɗaɗa diol mai aiki da yawa kamar HQEE da HER tare da mafi dacewa da dacewa da tsarin MDI ya ƙaru a hankali, yana ba da laushi na polyurethane kyakkyawan kyawun jiki. Ayyuka na musamman kamar juriya ga zafi da ƙarfin tsagewa. Baya ga kera samfuran zubarwa, yana iya samar da samfuran elastomic masu aiki da yawa, waɗanda za a iya rage su. A cikin wuraren aikace-aikacen tare da buƙatun aiki mai girma don kayan polyurethane a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da wasu kayan polyurethane, wakilan faɗaɗa sarka kamar 740m, HQEE, HER suna zurfafa aikace-aikacen. Sabon wakilin faɗaɗa sarkar ya bambanta fa'idodi a cikin takamaiman rarrabuwa, kuma matakin fasaha yana da girma sosai. A halin yanzu, kasuwar cikin gida har yanzu tana cikin matakin haɓaka aikace-aikace.
Tsarin ci gaban masana'antar faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane
Masana'antar polyurethane a Arewacin Amurka da Yammacin Turai ta tara shekaru da dama na ci gaba. Masana'antar tana da ƙarfi a fannin fasaha a masana'antar, kuma kasuwa ta yi kyau sosai. A lokaci guda, masu amfani a waɗannan fannoni suna da buƙatun aiki mafi girma ga samfuran polyurethane, kuma buƙatar sabbin wakilan faɗaɗa sarka ta fi MOCA sauri. A halin yanzu, ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Turai da Amurka ne ke da babban kaso na buƙatar sabbin wakilan faɗaɗa sarka.
Yawan amfani da polyurethane a yankin Asiya-Pacific da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa yana zama babban abin da ke haifar da buƙatar polyurethane a duniya. Daga cikinsu, yankin Asiya-Pacific ya riga ya zama babbar kasuwar masu amfani da polyurethane a duniya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 48% na kasuwar duniya; sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indiya, Brazil, Mexico, da sauransu, buƙatar polyurethane a gine-gine, kayan gini, kayan daki na gida da sauran masana'antu suma suna ƙaruwa. Duk da haka, idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba a Turai da Amurka, wasu daga cikin waɗannan yankuna a waɗannan yankuna har yanzu suna cikin matakin farko na masana'antu. Suna da matuƙar damuwa ga farashin kayan masarufi a masana'antar polyurethane kuma suna mai da hankali sosai kan farashi da aikin farashi. A nan gaba, a nan gaba, wannan yanki zai ci gaba da kasancewa da babban buƙata ga MOCAs masu tsada.
A halin yanzu, manyan kamfanonin faɗaɗa polyurethane na duniya, kamar Kazaka Kagosan Perfect Industry Co., Ltd., Amurka Air Chemical (sayen Winchuang a 2016), da Amurka Coco (wanda Langsheng ya saya a 2017), da sauransu, sun mamaye duniya. Yawancin kaso na kasuwa na wakilan faɗaɗa sarƙoƙi, wasu ƙananan kamfanoni waɗanda ba su da ingantaccen tsarin bincike na masana'antu - jami'a - an kawar da su ta hanyar tasirin ingancin samfura da farashi, kuma yawan masana'antar faɗaɗa sarƙoƙi ya ƙara ƙaruwa. A lokaci guda, manyan kamfanoni kuma suna dogara da ƙarfin jari da tushen bincike da haɓakawa don faɗaɗa kayan aiki na ƙwararru da sikelin samar da samfura, da kuma kafa ikon mallakar manyan cibiyoyin samarwa da tallace-tallace da cibiyoyin bincike da cibiyoyi a yankunan da ke da albarkatu masu kyau, kasuwanni, da yanayin aiki.
5. Matsayin da ake ciki da kuma alkiblar ci gaban wakilan faɗaɗa polyurethane a yanzu
A matsayin wani muhimmin ƙari ga kayan polyurethane, ana amfani da sinadaran faɗaɗa polyurethane galibi a cikin tsarin CASE (gami da rufi, manne, hatimi da jikin roba) a cikin kayan polyurethane. Daga cikinsu, jikin polyurethane mai roba abu ne na roba tsakanin roba da filastik. Yana da babban sassaucin roba da kuma babban tauri da ƙarfin filastik. Sau 5 zuwa 10), yana da suna na "sarkin roba mai jure lalacewa" kuma yana da kyakkyawan ƙarfin injiniya, juriya ga mai, juriya ga sinadarai, juriya ga lanƙwasawa da kyakkyawan juriya ga yanayin zafi da aikin kariya. Baya ga nau'in zubar da mai na yau da kullun da jikin roba na polyurethane mai jure zafi, kayan jikin polyurethane mai jure zafi suma sun haɗa da manne, shafa, hatimi, kayan shimfidawa, tafin ƙafa, fata mai roba, zare, da sauransu waɗanda suka zama kayan polyurethane mai jure zafi. Tare da ci gaba da inganta matakin fasaha, an maye gurbin sassaucin polyurethane a cikin roba, robobi, da ƙarfe a fannoni daban-daban kamar motoci, ma'adanai, bugawa, kayan aiki, sarrafa injina, wasanni, da sufuri.
A bisa kididdigar da hukumomin da abin ya shafa suka fitar, yawan amfani da sinadarin polyurethane na kasar Sin CASE (jiki mai laushi, shafa, fata mai roba, rufewa da manne) a shekarar 2021 ya kai tan miliyan 7.77, kuma matsakaicin karuwar shekara-shekara ta kashi 11.5% a shekarar 2016-2021 ya kai kashi 11.5%.
Lalacewar polyurethane na kasar Sin a shekarar 2016 ta kai tan 925,000, kuma fitarwa a shekarar 2021 ta kai tan miliyan 1.5, tare da karuwar yawan amfanin shekara-shekara da kashi 10.2%; matsakaicin karuwar yawan amfani da ita a shekara-shekara ya kai kashi 12.5%. An kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2025, yawan fitar da sinadarin polyurethane mai laushi a kasarmu zai kai tan miliyan 2.059, wanda har yanzu zai kasance cikin saurin ci gaba.
A duk duniya, yawan fitar da polyurethane elastomers a duniya ya kai tan miliyan 2.52 a shekarar 2016 da tan miliyan 3.539 a shekarar 2021, inda yawan karuwar sinadaran da aka samar a kowace shekara ya kai kashi 7.0%. Nan da shekarar 2025, ana sa ran samar da polyurethane elastomer a duniya zai kai tan miliyan 4.495, wanda hakan ke nuna ci gaba mai sauri da dorewa.
Na'urar polyurethane mai amfani da thermoplastic elastomer (TPU) tana da juriyar lalacewa mai kyau. Ƙarfinta mai ƙarfi ne, tsayi, juriya ga mai, juriya ga ƙarancin zafi, juriya ga yanayi, da juriya ga ozone ya bayyana, kuma kewayon tauri yana da faɗi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, aikace-aikacen kasuwa na TPU ya faɗaɗa daga masana'antar takalma zuwa manyan fannoni na kasuwa kamar magunguna, jiragen sama, da kariyar muhalli. A cewar ƙididdiga, daga 2014 zuwa 2021, matsakaicin yawan haɓakar haɗin gwiwa na samar da TPU a China ya kai 14.5%. A cikin 2021, yawan fitarwa na TPU a ƙasata ya kai kimanin tan 645,000. Ƙasata ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da TPU. Yawan fitarwa da fitarwa sun ƙaru a hankali a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Daga mahangar buƙata, kasuwar TPU ta duniya a halin yanzu ta fi mayar da hankali ne a yankunan Turai, Amurka, da Asiya-Pacific. Daga cikinsu, yankin Asiya wanda China ke jagoranta shine kasuwar yanki mafi sauri a cikin amfani da TPU ta duniya. A cewar kididdigar Kwamitin Musamman na Elastic na Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Polyurethane ta China, jimillar amfani da kayayyakin polyurethane a ƙasata a shekarar 2018 ya kai tan miliyan 11.3, wanda daga cikinsu amfani da polyurethane elastomers (TPU+CPU) ya kai kimanin tan miliyan 1.1%.
TPU har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin samfuran da ke da saurin girma a cikin polyurethane nan gaba kaɗan. ƙasata ta zama ƙasa mafi girma a duniya da ke amfani da TPU. A cewar ƙididdiga, matsakaicin yawan karuwar amfani da TPU na China a shekara-shekara a cikin 2017-2021 ya kai kashi 12.9%, wanda jimillar amfani da shi a cikin 2021 ya kai tan 602,000, ƙaruwar kashi 11.6% a shekara-shekara. Dangane da yawan amfani da TPU na duniya na tan miliyan 1.09 a cikin 2021, yawan amfani da TPU na cikin gida ya wuce rabin duniya. A nan gaba, buƙatun kayan takalma, fim, bututu, da wayoyi za su fi ƙarfi. A fannin kayan aikin likita, wayoyin kebul, da fim, zai ƙara maye gurbin kayan PVC na gargajiya. Yana da yuwuwar maye gurbin EVA a fannin kayan takalma. Ana sa ran TPU za ta ci gaba da kasancewa 10% ko fiye a nan gaba. Ana sa ran cewa amfani da shi zai kai kimanin tan 900,000 nan da shekarar 2026.
Tare da faɗaɗar yawan samar da kayayyaki a hankali, farashin kayayyakin polyurethane masu roba ya yi ƙasa, bambancin ya fi yawa, buƙatar kasuwa ta inganta, kuma ci gaban masana'antu yana da sauri. A lokacin "Tsarin Shekaru Biyar na Goma Sha Huɗu", masana'antar Case ya kamata ta ƙarfafa haɓaka kayayyaki ta hanyar amfani da ruwa, mara narkewa, da kuma yawan abubuwan da ke da ƙarfi; ƙara haɓaka CASE da haɓaka fasahar roba na tsarin kayan masarufi na asali, mai da hankali kan Aikace-aikacen polyphonus na ruwa-zuwa-pyrodramine; mai da hankali kan gudanar da binciken fasahar injiniya bisa ruwa; inganta aikin samfura, haɓaka sabbin samfura, faɗaɗa filin aikace-aikacen, da haɓaka gina sabbin gine-gine a cikin jigilar jirgin ƙasa, babbar hanya, ramin gada, watsa wutar lantarki, da sauransu. Da kuma aikace-aikacen fannin likitanci; haɓaka aikace-aikacen fasaha na manne polyurethane don sifili formaldehyde don ƙara faranti na wucin gadi; haɓaka samfuran ammonia daban-daban, aiki, da kuma masu ƙima; ƙarfafa bincike da fasahar aikace-aikacen tsarin kayan polyurethane mai hana ruwa shiga, aiki, tsawon lokaci; Inganta aikace-aikacen kayan polyurethane a cikin gine-gine da aka riga aka tsara.
Babban hanyoyin ci gaban filin elastomer sune:
Elastomers na Polyurethane don motoci. Masana'antar motoci ta yau tana haɓaka zuwa ga aiki mai kyau, inganci mai kyau, nauyi mai sauƙi, jin daɗi da aminci. Kayan roba da filastik na roba suna maye gurbin kayan ƙarfe a hankali, wanda ke buɗe fa'ida mai faɗi don amfani da polyurethane elastomers.
Elastomers na Polyurethane don gini. An maye gurbin kayan gargajiya na hana ruwa shiga kwalta a hankali da kayan polyurethane masu ɗorewa; Ana ƙara amfani da hanyar wasanni ta polyurethane sosai. Haɗin faɗaɗa manyan gadoji, layin jirgin ƙasa mai sauri, titin jirgin sama da kuma rufin babbar hanya suma ana yin su ne a hankali da elastomer na PVC da aka ƙarfafa a zafin ɗaki.
Ana buƙatar kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba waɗanda ke da juriya ga lalacewa, ƙarfi da laushi a ma'adinan kwal, ƙarfe da ma'adinan da ba na ƙarfe ba.
Polyurethane elastomer don takalma. Polychloride ester elasticity yana da fa'idodin ingantaccen aiki mai ƙarfi, nauyi mai sauƙi, juriya ga lalacewa, juriya ga skid, da sauransu, ya zama muhimmin kayan tallafi a masana'antar takalma.
Polyurethane elastomer don amfanin likita. Kyakkyawan jituwa tsakanin halittu, jituwa tsakanin jini da rashin ƙarin abubuwa sune muhimman dalilai na amfani da kayan TPU da CPU a fannin likitanci. Amfaninsa a fannin likitanci da lafiya yana da faɗi sosai.
Sabuwar takardar haɗin polyurethane. Ana sa ran fasahar kayan haɗin za ta kawo sabon lokacin fashewa a kasuwa ga polyurethane elastomers.
Ci gaban masana'antar faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane "Tsarin Shekaru Biyar na 14"
Daga mahangar duniya, saurin ci gaban da aka samu a fannin gine-gine, masana'antar kera motoci, kayan aikin leken asiri na lantarki, sabbin masana'antun makamashi da kare muhalli sun haifar da bukatar kayayyakin polyurethane sosai. Manyan kamfanonin polyurethane na duniya suna ci gaba da kirkire-kirkire da amfani da su, kuma za su ci gaba da bunkasa ci gaba da samar da sabbin kayayyakin polyurethane. Tare da fadada kayayyakin polyurethane a fannin da kuma fadin kasuwar da ke kasa, yawan bukatar kayayyakin polyurethane zai bunkasa ci gaba da kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban wakilan sarkar sarkar polyurethane.
A cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, aikace-aikacen kayayyakin polyurethane a wasu fannoni masu mahimmanci zai kuma bunƙasa cikin sauri. Masana masana'antu sun yi nazari kan cewa buƙatar polyurethane a duniya za ta ƙaru da kashi 4.5% a kowace shekara. Daga cikinsu, matsakaicin ƙaruwar buƙatar polyurethane a kowace shekara ana kiyasta ya kai kashi 5.7% a fannonin sanyaya, takalma, yadi, nishaɗi da sauran fannoni. Bukatar da ake da ita a fannin kayayyakin ta ƙaru kaɗan, kuma ana sa ran zai kai kusan kashi 3.3% a kowace shekara. Ƙasashen da ke tasowa a yankin Asiya da Pasifik sun sami tallafi daga fasahar zamani don faɗaɗa aikace-aikacen da ke ƙasa, kuma buƙatar polyurethanes za ta kai ga ƙimar girma sau biyu a kowace shekara.
A matsayin muhimmin kayan aiki ga masana'antar polyurethane, masana'antar ƙarin polyurethane ta ƙasata dole ne ta aiwatar da sabon ra'ayin ci gaba ba tare da wata matsala ba. A ƙasa, jigon haɓaka haɓaka masana'antar polyurethane mai inganci, tare da jagorancin haɓaka masana'antar polyurethane don hanzarta gina sabon tsarin ci gaba na "zagaye biyu", mai da hankali kan canjin kore, ƙarancin carbon, da dijital. , Haɓaka gina tsarin masana'antu na zamani, haɓaka "ƙasassun" samfuran masu inganci, "kama manyan fasahohin zamani", "buɗe sabuwar hanya" a cikin kayayyakin gargajiya, da haɓaka ƙasata don ƙaura daga polyurethane zuwa ƙasa mai ƙarfi.
A halin yanzu, na'urar tsawaita sarkar polyurethane ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan da ake buƙata na polyurethane don manyan ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na ƙasa. Masana'antar tsawaita sarkar polyurethane tana ƙara saka hannun jari a cikin kirkire-kirkire, tana haɓaka ta hanyar kare muhalli, inganci mai kyau da inganci mai yawa. Dangane da buƙatun jiragen sama, bayanai na lantarki, sabbin makamashi, motoci, layin dogo mai sauri, jigilar jirgin ƙasa, manyan hanyoyi, manyan gadoji, kiwon lafiya da masana'antar tsaro ta ƙasa, ana hanzarta sauyawa da amfani da sabbin nasarorin fasaha na fadada sarkar polyurethane don inganta matakin ci gaba na masana'antar polyurethane gaba ɗaya.
Alkiblar ci gaban masana'antar tsawaita sarkar polyurethane ita ce haɓaka samfuran tsawaita sarkar kore masu inganci tare da ƙarin aikin kare muhalli. Ba wai kawai yana da tsabta da rashin gurɓatawa a cikin tsarin samarwa ba, har ma yana da aminci da kore a cikin tsarin amfani don haɓaka tsarin kera samfuran polyurethane kore. Na biyu, don ƙara faɗaɗa amfani da samfuran tsawaita sarkar da ke akwai, ta yadda ƙwararren mai shimfiɗa sarkar da ke akwai ya cika da sabbin kuzarin aikace-aikace. Matsayin fasaha na wasu kamfanonin tsawaita sarkar polyurethane na cikin gida yayi daidai da na kamfanoni na ƙasashen duniya, amma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don sa masu amfani da yawa su fahimci fifikon samfuran, musamman don haɓaka samfuran diamine mai ƙanshi mai ruwa tare da aiki mai sauƙi da kyakkyawan aiki, da kuma yin tasirin haɗin gwiwa na mai shimfiɗa sarkar don adana kuzari da rage amfani da farashi. Na uku shine ƙara haɓaka sabbin samfura bisa ga buƙatar kasuwa, don samar da samfuran da suka fi dacewa da inganci ga masana'antar polyurethane, don biyan buƙatun kasuwar ƙasa da faɗaɗa iyakokin aikace-aikacen.
Ga kayan roba na polyurethane, mai shimfiɗa sarka muhimmin ƙari ne kuma mai mahimmanci tare da adadi mai yawa da ƙarin ƙima, wanda ke da matuƙar mahimmanci don inganta aikin samfur. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin sauran kayan polyurethane har ma da filastik kumfa, mai shimfiɗa sarka polyurethane yana da tasiri a bayyane akan inganta aikin samfur. A cikin masana'antar polyurethane, kasuwar mai shimfiɗa sarka polyurethane tana da girma. Domin haɓaka da jagorantar ci gaban masana'antar polyurethane mai inganci, ya zama dole a ƙarfafa bincike da haɓaka mai shimfiɗa sarka polyurethane, da haɓaka nau'ikan mai shimfiɗa sarka polyurethane mafi kyau da yawa a ƙarƙashin manufar kula da lafiya, tanadin makamashi, aminci da kariyar muhalli da aikin aikace-aikace, don ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga rayuwar ɗan adam mafi kyau.
Lokacin Saƙo: Fabrairu-08-2023